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8 May 2013 7:31 PM (v8 | ecmascript | javascript | igalia | compilers | delimited continuations | continuations | promises)
Hey y'all, ES6 generators have landed in V8! Excellent!
Many of you know what that means already, but for those of you that don't, a little story.
A few months ago I was talking with Andrew Paprocki over at Bloomberg. They use JavaScript in all kinds of ways over there, and as is usually the case in JS, it often involves communicating with remote machines. This happens on the server side and on the client side. JavaScript has some great implementations, but as a language it doesn't make asynchronous communication particularly easy. Sure, you can do anything you want with node.js, but it's pretty easy to get stuck in callback hell waiting for data from the other side.
Of course if you do a lot of JS you learn ways to deal with it. The eponymous Callback Hell site lists some, and lately many people think of Promises as the answer. But it would be nice if sometimes you could write a function and have it just suspend in the middle, wait for your request to the remote computer to come through, then continue on.
So Andrew asked if me if we could somehow make asynchronous programming easier to write and read, maybe by implementing something like C#'s await operator in the V8 JavaScript engine. I told him that the way into V8 was through standards, but that fortunately the upcoming ECMAScript 6 standard was likely to include an equivalent to await: generators.
ES6 generators
Instead of returning a value, when you first call a generator, it returns an iterator:
// notice: function* instead of function
function* values() {
for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) {
yield arguments[i];
}
}
var o = values(1, 2, 3); // => [object Generator]
Calling next on the iterator resumes the generator, lets it run until the next yield or return, and then suspends it again, resulting in a value:
o.next(); // => { value: 1, done: false }
o.next(); // => { value: 2, done: false }
o.next(); // => { value: 3, done: false }
o.next(); // => { value: undefined, done: true }
Maybe you're the kind of person that likes imprecise, incomplete, overly abstract analogies. Yes? Well generators are like functions, with their bodies taken to the first derivative. Calling next integrates between two yield points. Chew on that truthy nugget!
asynchrony
Anyway! Supending execution, waiting for something to happen, then picking up where you left off: put these together and you have a nice facility for asynchronous programming. And happily, it works really well with promises, a tool for asynchrony that lots of JS programmers are using these days.
Q is a popular promises library for JS. There are some 250+ packages that depend on it in NPM, node's package manager. So cool, let's take their example of the "Pyramid of Doom" from the github page:
step1(function (value1) {
step2(value1, function(value2) {
step3(value2, function(value3) {
step4(value3, function(value4) {
// Do something with value4
});
});
});
});
The promises solution does at least fix the pyramid problem:
Q.fcall(step1)
.then(step2)
.then(step3)
.then(step4)
.then(function (value4) {
// Do something with value4
}, function (error) {
// Handle any error from step1 through step4
})
.done();
But to my ignorant eye, some kind of solution involving a straight-line function would be even better. Remember what generators do: they suspend computation, wait for someone to pass back in a result, and then continue on. So whenever you would register a callback, whenever you would chain a then onto your promise, instead you suspend computation by yielding.
Q.async(function* () {
try {
var value1 = yield step1();
var value2 = yield step2(value1);
var value3 = yield step3(value2);
var value4 = yield step4(value3);
// Do something with value4
} catch (e) {
// Handle any error from step1 through step4
}
});
And for a super-mega-bonus, we actually get to use try and catch to handle exceptions, just as Gods and Brendan intended.
Now I know you're a keen reader and there are two things that you probably noticed here. One is, where are the promises, and where are the callbacks? Who's making these promises anyway? Well you probably saw already in the second example that using promises well means that you have functions that return promises instead of functions that take callbacks. The form of functions like step1 and such are different when you use promises. So in a way the comparison between the pyramid and the promise isn't quite fair because the functions aren't quite the same. But we're all reasonable people so we'll deal with it.
Note that it's not actually necessary that any of the stepN functions return promises. The promises library will lift a value to a promise if needed.
The second and bigger question would be, how does the generator resume? Of course you've already seen the answer: the whole generator function is decorated by Q.async, which takes care of resuming the generator when the yielded promises are fulfilled.
You don't have to use generators of course, and using them with Q does mean you have to understand more things: not only standard JavaScript, but newfangled features, and promises to boot. Well, if it's not your thing, that's cool. But it seems to me that the widespread appreciation of await in C# bodes well for generators in JS.
ES6, unevenly distributed
Q.async has been part of Q for a while now, because Firefox has been shipping generators for some time.
Note however that the current ES6 draft specification for generators is slightly different from what Firefox ships: calling next on the iterator returns an object with value and done properties, whereas the SpiderMonkey JS engine used by Firefox uses an exception to indicate that the iterator is finished.
This change was the result of some discussions at the TC39 meeting in March, and hasn't made it into a draft specification or to the harmony:generators page yet. All could change, but there seems to be a consensus.
I made a patch to Q to allow it to work both with the old SpiderMonkey-style generators as well as with the new ES6 style, and something like it should go in soon.
give it to me already!
So yeah, generators in V8! I've been working closely with V8 hackers Michael Starzinger and Andreas Rossberg on the design and implementation of generators in V8, and I'm happy to say that it's all upstream now, modulo yield* which should go in soon. Along with other future ES6 features, it's all behind a runtime flag. Pass --harmony or --harmony-generators to your V8 to enable it.
Barring unforeseen issues, this will probably see the light in Chromium 29, corresponding to V8 3.19. For now though this hack is so hot out of the fire that it hasn't even had time to cool down and make it to the Chrome Canary channel yet. Perhaps within a few weeks; whenever the V8 dependency in Chrome gets updated to the 3.19 tree.
As far as Node goes, they usually track the latest stable V8 release, and so for them it will probably also be a few weeks before it goes in. You'll still have to run Node with the --harmony flag. However if you want a sneak preview of the future, I uploaded a branch of Node with V8 3.19 that you can build from source. It might mulch your cat, but life is not without risk on the bleeding_edge.
Finally for Q, as I said ES6 compatibility should come soon; track the progress or check out your own copy here.
final notes
Thanks to the V8 team for their support in this endeavor, especially to Michael Starzinger for enduring my constant questions. There's lots of interesting things in the V8 pipeline coming out of Munich. Thanks also to Andrew Paprocki and the Bloomberg crew for giving me the opportunity to fill out this missing piece of real-world ES6. The Bloomberg folks really get the web.
This has been a hack from Igalia, your friendly neighborhood browser experts. Have fun with generators, and happy hacking!
